So, what do you need to know for the midterm? EVERYTHING! Bust out those index flashcards you've made for the prologue through chapter 9! But just to help you out, below are a few helpful review items...
The midterm will be 100 multiple choice questions (approximately 10 per chapter) and a free response question with 10 vocab terms.
Neurotransmitter Chart
http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0AYxdTlrmZTl3ZGR4dnE3dHpfMTZmOTZzd2Zucg&hl=en
Pun List Famous Psychologists
http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0AYxdTlrmZTl3ZGR4dnE3dHpfMTdkd25qY21jOQ&hl=en
Operant Conditioning Consequence Matrix
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3M2M4ZDJlYjItM2JiNi00NDc3LWJkYmUtYmFkZDE2NzAxYmQy&hl=en
Examples of Negative Reinforcers (remember, a
reinforcer is a
reward)
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3YTY0NjExMmQtNjkxNy00YzNhLTk5OGEtNTNjYTJiMDliZjJh&hl=en
Here are a few names to review...
Hawthorne Effect = Showed that factory workers had improved work performance with both improved and poor lighting. Conclusion was that they improved simply because they were being observed in the experiment.
Roger Sperry = The first to propose "split-brain surgery" to help epileptic patients.
Jean Piaget = Proposed four stages of cognitive development. (Remember the acronym Socks Pulled Over Cold Feet to remember these in order.) Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, and Formal Stages.
Erik Erikson = Proposed eight stages of psychosocial development. (KNOW THESE!!)
Lawrence Kohlberg = Proposed three stages of MORAL development. (all framed around the word conventional.) This theory was criticized as it only tested young children by framing hypothetical situations for them and their responses to these. It did not test cross-culturally and between the genders.
Konrad Lorentz = Imprinting studies. Showed how baby animals would follow the first object they saw after birth. Believed to be a built-in survival mechanism.
Jerome Kagan = Studies to indicate that in-born temperament may explain many behaviors.
Harry Harlow = Showed importance of physical touch over nourishment in infant monkeys.
Mary Ainsworth = Secure infants have good bonds with mothers. Reverse is also true.
Elenor Gibson = The "visual cliff experiment". Showed that depth perception cues are innate.
Hubel and Weisel = Studies with monkeys to show that they had specific FEATURE DECECTORS to aid them in visual processing. (Some for lines, bars, edges, shapes, etc.)
Ernest Hilgard = Studies showing that a hypnotic trance includes a "hidden observer' suggesting that there is some subconscious control during hypnosis.
Ivan Pavlov = Famous for his classical conditioning experiments.
Robert Rescorla = Proposed that there is conscious connection between the CS and the DCS in classical conditioning experiments. (A smoker is aware that a nausea-producing drug will affect his behavior.)
John B. Watson = Famous for the controversial Little Albert classical conditioning experiment.
B.F. Skinner = Famous for me "Skinner Box to demonstrate operant conditioning in low level animals.
Albert Bandura = “Bo-Bo Doll" Experiment to demonstrate how children imitate anti-social behavior.
Confusing Pairs
Here are some terms that sound alike but mean different things. Review them!
Independent Variable (What is tested) vs. Dependent Variable (What is measured)
(Ex: Recess to test attention span; recess is independent, attention span is dependent)
Random selection (of subjects for a study) vs. Random Assignment (of subjects to experimental or control groups in a study)
Experimental Group (group that is tested) vs. Control Group (compared to the experimental, i.e. receives the placebo in a drug experiment.)
Left Brain (Language and Logic) vs. Right Brain (Creative and Spatial)
Corpus Callosum (divides the brain) vs. Cerebral Cortex (covers the brain)
Sympathetic Nervous System ("flight-or-fight") vs. Parasympathetic (calming)
Neurotransmitters (in the nervous system) vs. Hormones (in the endocrine system)
Broca's Area (makes words) vs. Wernicke’s Area (comprehends words)
Identical Twins (Same fertilized egg) vs. Fraternal Twins (Two separate eggs)
Afferent Neurons (Sensory, body to the brain) vs. Efferent Neurons Motor, brain to the body)
Assimilation (All four-legged animals are "doggies") vs. Accommodation ("Doggies are different than "Kitties")
Concrete Operations (logical thinking) vs. Formal Operations (Philosophical thinking)
Sensation (Bottom-up Processing) vs. Perception (Top-Down Processing)
Rods (night vision) vs. Cones (color vision)
Classical Conditioning (Involuntary) vs. Operant Conditioning (Voluntary)
Positive Reinforcement (any reward following a desirable behavior that increases the behavior) vs. Negative Reinforcement (ending “time-out” for bad behavior in playtime increases good behavior in playtime)
Primacy Effect (first items remembered) vs. Recency Effect (last items remembered)
Proactive Interference (loss of the new info) vs. Retroactive Interference (loss of the old info)
Implicit Memory (nondeclarative; skills) vs. Explicit Memory (declarative, facts)
Recall Memory (no cues/fill-in) vs. Recognition Memory (Some hints/multiple choice, matching)
