Winter Break Assignment

1. You will be reading the most interesting chapter in your book: CHAPTER 18 - SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY!!! Complete your notecards (definitions with examples) and outline. This is due on the first day you get back.

2. Complete ALL of the online quizzes for the Prologue and Chapters 1 through 9 that you haven't already done. The website is www.worthpublishers.com/myers8e
Make sure you have created a student account with your name my correct email address: Lara.Herrera@BrowardSchools.com
Be sure to try your best and take your time the first time through. You should earn at least a "C" on every quiz.

Have a fun and safe winter break!!!
Mrs. H

Chapter 7 Sleep and Dream Journal

Sleep Record
Create a CHART and record the following data for at least THREE (3) nights (be sure to record data from at least one non-school night where you can get up whenever you want in the morning):

1. Time you fall asleep
2. Time you woke up
3. Number of hours you slept total
   
4. Number of times you woke up during the night and why
   
5. Amount of caffeine in the hours before bed, and at what time(s) (one cola, etc.)
   
6. How you woke up: on your own or by alarm/other person
7. If you remember having any dreams on this night

Dream Journal
Be sure to write down at least ONE dream from this week in detail. Even people who claim they never dream will recall a dream if awakened during the REM sleep stage. Everyone dreams every night. You may have greater success remembering your dreams if you use these tips:

• Keep a pen and paper next to your bed
  
• At night before bed, tell yourself that you'll remember and write your dream in the morning
• When you wake up, stay laying down with your eyes closed(remember context-dependent memory!) and think about what you were just dreaming
• With the lights still dim, write whatever pieces of your dream you are remembering on the paper you have next to your bed
• If you try the above one night and it doesn't work, try setting you alarm for ten minutes before you normally wake up the next day. You might be able to catch yourself in a the REM (dream) stage that way.

Sweet dreams!

Other HW: Read/outline/cards Ch. 7 ... sleep, sleep disorders, dreams!

Ch. 4 Teen Brain Video HW Assignment

You will watch six very interesting short videos about the teen brain and answer the questions below. Go to http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/ and click on "View the Full Program Online" to watch the entire 6 segments in order. The whole thing will take less than one hour.
As you watch, think about the following questions. Please answer each question using complete sentences and turn this in to me next class.
1. Compare and contrast your behavior and your relationships with those of the teens in the videos. (choose at least three examples)
2. Describe two recent findings by psychologists and neuroscientists regarding the teen brain and how these findings apply to your brain and life.
3. a. What are your current sleep habits?b. How can you apply the research on teens' sleep needs to yourself?
4. a. Discuss your opinion of the advice given for parents.b. Also, how can this advice be applied in your own family?c. What parts would you like to discuss with them?d. Do you think these videos would be helpful for your family to watch and discuss? Why?

Chapter 4 Chart: Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Download the following chart and print it or copy it onto your own paper. Complete it tonight for our discussion next class (Monday/Tuesday).

Here it is in PDF format
https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3MGZmNWRmYzMtMjZhMC00NDQwLTgyNWUtODBjYWViNmIwMTc2&hl=en

Here is the same chart in Microsoft Word
https://docs.google.com/document/edit?id=13-1jbywhCilhpuLavwQu1zvRciG53lF0cPWL_0b9Oqc&hl=en

Chapter 2 Brain Model Assignment!

You will be building a 3D model brain using the material of your choice.
Your model will be due on your test day
-Your brain can be made out of anything you want (clay, ceramic, foam) EXCEPT FOR FOOD. You may NOT use food or anything that is perishable to build your brain.
-You may work with a partner. You may work with someone who has AP psych another period.
-You may create a standing 3D model or a hanging 3D model.
-Your goal is to develop a model that identifies specific structures of the human brain. The structures that you must identify are listed below.
-You may either number the parts of your model and make a key, or you may label them directly on the model.
-Your model should be approximately life-sized and split in half so that we can see the inner sides of both hemispheres.
-Check some of my chapter 2 links online for reference (www.ikeeepbookmarks.com/lara_herrera), use your textbook, and use the other books I have in class.
Also, if you have an iPhone, you can download the 3D Brain app free. It's from the DANA Foundation.

This should be fun!!!

(2 points per structure. 5 points extra credit for the 3 best brains in your class!)

1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Cerebellum
6. Motor cortex
7. Sensory cortex
8. Corpus callosum
9. Thalamus
10. Hypothalamus
11. Pituitary gland
12. Medulla
13. Hippocampus
14. Limbic system
15. Brain stem
16. Reticular Formation
17. Amygdala
18. Broca’s Area
19. Wernicke’s Area
20. Pons
21. Left hemisphere
22. Right hemisphere
23. Visual cortex
24. Auditory cortex
25. Angular gyrus

Research Methods Chart HW and other Chapter 1 resources

HW: Research Methods Chart
Print out or simply view and copy the chart (link below) comparing and contrasting the research methods in chapter 1. Turn it in on test day with your outline, class notes, and notecards.
Click here to view and download the chart.

Chapter 1 Test dates are:
Thursday 9/16 for periods 2 and 4
Friday 9/17 for periods 3 and 7

Review:
You may also want to visit www.worthpublishers.com/myers8e to take practice quizzes for chapter 1 (strongly recommended) and see other practice materials.

Classwork Make-Up: Correlations Assignment

Hi guys,

If you were absent from psych class on Wednesday or Friday (or had to go to an assembly), here is the classwork that we did. Print out both pages 1 and 2, or do them on your own paper.
correlations handout page 1 correlations handout page 2

Homework: Subfields of psychology

Hi guys,

For homework, you will be making a one-page chart (hand-written) titled:

Careers in Psychology.

You will need 3 columns:

1.Subfield ....... 2. Focus ........ 3. Details/Examples of work

Go to http://www.apa.org/careers/resources/guides/careers.aspx

On this page you will see 17 careers, or subfields. Read each one and fill in your chart:
1. The name of each one goes in the first column.
2. Then fill in a few key words to describe the focus of each in column 2.
3. Lastly, in column 3, give any important details or examples of how/where this type of psychologist practices.

Remember, you are creating a study guide for yourself! Be neat, write in pen, and summarize important key points that might appear on your test!

Afterwards, feel free to go to the homepage http://apa.org and poke around the APA's website. You might check out the resources for students on the left/bottom of the homepage... Have fun!

Mrs. H

Hello All!
All classes will meet on Monday. Remember to bring your completed summer assignment (instructions are still posted below) and to print out your syllabus here: https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3NzFmNDNkN2MtMjBjZi00ZDI2LTk0NGEtOGIzNjZiNTU4YmU5&hl=en&authkey=CPiVnrsI
Just click on the link, then click download to get a printable version.

I look forward to seeing you on Monday!
Mrs. H

Summer Assignment 2011-2012

Welcome to AP Psychology!!!
I look forward to a very interesting year with you, and there are a few things you need to do to prepare for that. Below are the summer assignments for this course.
If you ever have ANY questions, you can e-mail me at Lara.Herrera@BrowardSchools.com. Be sure to include your name and ap psych in the subject.

Assignment 1 is due by email to Lara.Herrera@BrowardSchools.com on Wednesday, August 10 at 10pm.
Assignments 2-4 will be due on the FIRST day of class. Late assignments will earn a maximum of half credit.

Assignment 1:

READ ONE of the books FROM THE LIST BELOW, and type your reaction for the book you read that discusses ALL FOUR of the following things:

1. Introduction: Identify a "common thread" or theme of the book. Use specific examples from the book to illustrate the theme.

2. Describe THREE (3) concepts that you learned from this book. For EACH concept:

-identify the concept

-explain how it is used in the book

-link the concept to another real-life situation that you can think of that's not in the book

3. In what ways does any part of the book reflect/connect with your personal experiences, or the experiences of the others in your life? Use AT LEAST TWO(2) specific examples from your life.

4. Conclusion: What is your general reaction to this book? (For example: Were you surprised; why? Why was it interesting? Did any parts have special significance to you? Did it change your perspective; how? etc.) Explain.

Your reaction paper is DUE BY EMAIL ON or BEFORE AUGUST 10th BY 10:00 P.M. to LARA.HERRERA@BROWARDSCHOOLS.COM.

It MUST be typed, double-spaced, Times New Roman, 12 font, in essay form, and two to four pages long.

Please attach it to the email AND copy/paste it into the body of the email, just in case your attachment doesn't work.

Used and new copies of these books can be found on amazon.com, and you can read summaries of the books there. Also try half.com, or bn.com, and other book-selling sites to get the best price, or go to the local public library, where you can check out books for FREE! :)

BOOK LIST (Choose one):

Welcome to Your Brain: Why You Lose Your Car Keys but Never Forget How to Drive and Other Puzzles of Everyday Life
by Sam Wang

Odd Girl Speaks Out: Girls Write about Bullies, Cliques, Popularity, and Jealousy, by Rachel Simmons

ADHD & Me: What I Learned from Lighting Fires at the Dinner Table, by Blake E. S. Taylor

Born on a Blue Day, by Daniel Tammet. This is a personal story about Asperger's Syndrome, a type of autism.

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, by Oliver Sacks. This is a collection of stories about patients with unusual neurological disorders (also check out An Anthropologist on Mars, and Musicophilia, both by Oliver Sacks )

A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness: From Imposter Poodles to Purple Numbers, by V.S. Ramachandran. This is a brief intro to neuroscience by a top neuroscientist. It's very interesting, but best suited to advanced readers.

Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls, by Mary Pipher. This is a therapist's collection and discussion of patient stories involving teen girls.

The Six Most Important Decisions You'll Ever Make, by Sean Covey. This is a great guide for high school students. Be sure to get the book, not the workbook.

The Lucifer Effect, by Philip Zimbardo. This book is about why good people do bad things.

The Sociopath Next Door, by Marth Stout.

The Psychology of Superheroes: An Unauthorized Exploration (Psychology of Popular Culture), by Robin S. Rosenberg

The Psychology of Harry Potter: An Unauthorized Examination Of The Boy Who Lived (Psychology of Popular Culture)
by Robin S. Rosenberg

Feel free to check with me if you want to read another psychology or neuroscience book, or if you want me to recommend a book on a certain topic.

Lara.Herrera@BrowardSchools.com

Assignment 2: Tutorials

Materials needed: Internet access & Printer

A. Go to www.worthpublishers.com/myers8e
Scroll down to the list titled “Student Resources” and click on “PsychSim PDF Worksheets.”
Click on and print the following two worksheets:
1. Psychology’s Timeline
2. Descriptive Statistics

B. Go back to the “Student Resources” list and click on “PsychSim Tutorials.”
On the next page that opens, click the ORANGE box that says “PsychSim 5 Tutorials.”
1. From the popup menu, choose “Psychology’s Timeline,” and use the tutorial to complete the worksheet you printed.
2. Go back to the orange menu and choose “Descriptive Statistics,” and use the tutorial to complete the second worksheet.

Bring the completed worksheets with you to turn in on the first day of class.

Assignment 3: Vocabulary Flashcards

Due on the FIRST day of class. ONLY HAND-WRITTEN FLASHCARDS WILL BE ACCEPTED.

Materials needed:
 Package of one hundred 3"x5" index cards (We use these all year, so feel free to buy them in bulk if you can find them on sale. Also, if you cannot purchase cards, you may cut paper into 3x5 pieces to make flash cards.)
 Blue or Black Pen
 Internet access

Instructions:
A. Go to www.worthpublishers.com/myers8e
Scroll down to the list titled “Student Resources” and click on “Flashcards.”
You will create a flashcard for each of the terms from the Prologue and Chapter 1.

1. On the front (blank side) of each card, copy the terms/names from the flashcards, and write your first name and last initial under the term.
There are 14 terms in the Prologue and 30 terms in Chapter 1. There should be only one term per card. (You are making flashcards to study from!)

2. On the back (lined side) of each card, copy the definition.
The definition must only take up the top half of the card,
so that you have room for class notes.

Assignment #4:
Print your syllabus to bring with you on the first day of class. It will be posted here by August 20.

Review Materials for AP Exam Part 2

Here are some more handy charts for you to review!

Therapy Approach Chart
http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0AYxdTlrmZTl3ZGR4dnE3dHpfMTdkd25qY21jOQ&hl=en

Neurotransmitter Chart
http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0AYxdTlrmZTl3ZGR4dnE3dHpfMTZmOTZzd2Zucg&hl=en

Famous Contributors to Psychology
http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0AYxdTlrmZTl3ZGR4dnE3dHpfMTVobmY4ZDdkNQ&hl=en

Pun List Famous Psychologists
http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0AYxdTlrmZTl3ZGR4dnE3dHpfMTdkd25qY21jOQ&hl=en

Operant Conditioning Consequence Matrix
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3M2M4ZDJlYjItM2JiNi00NDc3LWJkYmUtYmFkZDE2NzAxYmQy&hl=en

Examples of Negative Reinforcers (remember, a reinforcer is a reward)
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3YTY0NjExMmQtNjkxNy00YzNhLTk5OGEtNTNjYTJiMDliZjJh&hl=en

Review Materials for 2010 AP Psych Exam Part 1

Here are some simple review sheets for you to use to study for the AP Psych Exam!
Please print the resources posted below... and use them to study!!!

1. Review Packet HW Assignment Due Next Week - Print and bring to class for details!!!
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3MTg0MTRkY2EtMDA1Yy00MDMzLTkxOTAtZTQ2NmZhYjU5OTc4&hl=en

2. Perspectives Chart
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=ddxvq7tz_0dzbwnsf8

3. Confusing Pairs
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=ddxvq7tz_2gvnxfvdx

4. Research Methods Chart
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=ddxvq7tz_3gbbr83hn

5. I'll earn a 5 review song
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3ZTg1ZjEwODItODgxYy00MjVhLWIxYmEtNGMxMDA5YjVlMDMx&hl=en

6. Syllabus in PDF format (optional- just in case you don't already have it)
Take a look at the last three pages with the % breakdown for the exam.
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3NDI1NTIwNTAtNDNhNC00YjFiLThjOTctOWZjN2NhNmFmMzg3&hl=en

7. Brain mnemonics (you may have copied this earlier in the year already)
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B4xdTlrmZTl3NmVkZmFmODAtODA5Yi00YWNlLTk4ODMtNDBlZGUxYWZiNGM3&hl=en

Spring Break!

Assignment Due on Tuesday April 6:

Over break your assignment is to read and take notes on Chapter 18 (Social Psych) objective 1-12. Be prepared for a possible vocab quiz when you return!

Also: You may also want to do some fun review for the AP exam, which is coming soon!
Here are some useful ideas:

1. Go to www.ikeepbookmarks.com/lara_herrera and go throught the folders for the different chapters, checking out my favorite links!

2. Watch the MTV True Life episodes related to disorders on MTV.com.

3. Got to the website for your textbook, www.worthpublishers.com/myers8e and try the practice quizzes and PsychSim activities

4. Get an AP Psych exam review book! Go to amazon.com, bn.com, half.com, or ebay.com and search ap psychology review. One psych teachers' favorite is 5 Steps to a 5, but Princeton Review and Barron's are also great. Get them used online for cheap! You can also buy them at Barnes and Nobles or Borders, or just sit and read them right there at the bookstore! They have great practice exams in the back- see how you score!

Technology Assignment and Extra Credit Assignment

Today you will visit a couple of different websites and activities to better understand concepts in chapter 15.

FIRST, TAKE A CHAPTER 15 QUIZ:

1. Go to http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/myers8e/

2. Sign in. You should already have a password.

3. Once in go to Chapter 15 and take the quiz(zes).

THEN, DO SOME INTERESTING PERSONALITY TESTS TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THE CHAPTER, AND YOURSELF, BETTER!!!...

4. Complete personality test for a Myers-Briggs type: http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes1.htm

5. Click on the Do It! Button. Complete quiz. What is your Myers-Briggs Personality type (four letter abbreviation)?

6. Now go here:
http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/Scroll down to the box of four-letter personality type combos, and click on the one you scored in the test you just took. Copy and paste the four letter type and the description into your email, you’ll want to have it for the extra credit personality box!
(Mrs. Herrera is an INFP! What are you?)


7. Ok, almost done! Take another Myers-Briggs type test to confirm your results at: http://www.kisa.ca/personality/

8. Explore any of the following websites (OPTIONAL):
• Fun personality test: http://www.personalitytest.net/funtest/index.htm • Classics in the History of Psych: http://psychclassics.asu.edu/index.htm• Personality Project: http://fas.psych.nwu.edy/personality.html
• Various Personality Tests about love and such: http://www.2h.com/Tests/personality.phtml• Implicit Associations Test: http://www.tolerance.org/hidden_bias/index.html or https://implicit.harvard.edu/

EXTRA CREDIT: MY PERSONALITY BOX
Instructions: Get a box (a shoebox, etc) to decorate. Use your personality handout from class for ideas. Follow the format below:
A. Decorate the inside of the box to show your personality from the Psychodynamic Perspective and the Humanistic Perspective. This is who you are on the "inside!"
1. Psychodynamic Perspective: choose three of the inside walls of the box to decorate to illustrate the psychodynamic perspective. You may do whatever you'd like to illustrate what might be in your unconscious mind on those three walls. Some possible ideas:
- illustrate your defense mechanisms
- write some Freudian slips you've made
- illustrate a scene from one of your dreams and interpret it's latent content
2. Humanistic Perspective - attach your "perceived self" description to one inside wall, and your "ideal self" description to another inside wall.
B. Decorate the outside to show your personality from the Trait Perspective and the Social-Cultural Perspective. This is who you are on the "outside!"
1. Trait Perspective: choose two of the outside walls to decorate. Include in the decor your result from the Myers-Briggs test (the four letter type you are) and some key words to describe you. Make it pretty!
2. Social-Cultural Perspective: decorate the other two outside walls to show who you are in relation to others in your family, culture, peers. You may use photos or magazine clippings!

COME TO THE AFTER SCHOOL REVIEW ON TUESDAY MARCH 2 FOR MORE EXPLANATION, DISCUSSION AND PRACTICE!!!

AP Psychology: Personality Extra Credit for Review

Personality Free Response Question

Explain how each of the four perspectives from the chapter on personality would examine your personality. Pretend that you're a psychologist, and use your own personality as a case study!

The perspectives are

• Psychodynamic
• Humanistic
• Trait
• Social-Cultural

A. Identify the basic principles of each perspective on personality.

B. Then, explain for each perspective:

1. What aspects of your personality would be your focus?
2. How would you assess or measure these aspects of your personality? Explain the likely findings.
3. Describe the possible origins or causes of these aspects of your personality.

Review for your Midterm!!!

Hey AP Psychos! I'm having some tech issues with Google Docs, so I'm just copy/pasting the essentials for you below.

I will choose one of the three Free Response Questions below to be on your midterm. Prepare an answer for all three and you will gain valuable info for both the essay and the multiple choice parts of the exam!

QUESTION #1

Describe a specific example that clearly demonstrates an understanding of how each of the following concepts can lead to an inaccurate perception, cognition, or conclusion. Each example must include an explanation of the relationship between the concept and the inaccuracy.

Afterimage effect (chapter 5)

Lack of object permanence (chapter 4)

Nonrandom assignment of research participants (chapter 1)

Proactive interference (chapter 9)

QUESTION #2

Psychologists conduct research to investigate controversial issues. Consider the following:

Nature and Nurture

Continuity versus Stages: The belief of continuous development versus stage theories (Erikson, Piaget) of development (chapter 4)

Dreaming (chapter 7)

Explanations of hypnosis (chapter 7)

Part A. Describe opposing points of view on each of the psychological issues listed above. If there are more than two theories for an issue, choose two to describe.

Part B. For each issue, choose one point of view to support. Using evidence from psychological research, justify why you think this point of view is correct.

QUESTION #3

Time is an important variable in many psychological concepts. Describe a specific example that clearly demonstrates an understanding of each of the following concepts and how it relates to or is affected by time. Use a different example for each concept.

Critical period (chapter 4)

Fluid intelligence (chapter 4)

Refractory period in neural firing (chapter 2)

Sound localization (chapter 5)

Next, here are some useful charts and simple lists to help you study:

Research Data and Methods

	Key Concepts	Advantages	Disadvantages
Research	Scientific Method Theory Hypotheses Operational definitions Replication Validity/reliability	Dispel “Belief Bias” Dispel illusory correlations Informs Basic Research (knowledge) and Applied (practical solutions) Research Longitudinal/Cross-sectional design	Ethical or methodological breaches
Descriptive Methods	Case Studies Surveys Correlational Studies – how two or more factors relate to each other Direct correlation Indirect (inverse) correlation	Detailed study of 1 or more cases in great depth to suggest hypotheses to test, i.e Freud’s cases, Piaget’s children A method to describe and make correlations; many “cases, ” less depth compared to case studies; data based on individual reports/opinions Some “economy” reaching larger numbers of respondents, perhaps using mailouts. May be used to predict tendencies, never causal (cause and effect) relationships	Given cases may be atypical, limited generalizability to larger groups (external validity) Wording effects/”framing” issues, i.e. “aid to the needy” or “welfare;” Sampling errors like sample size (too small) or sample selection (not random)
Experimental Methods	Experiments	Clearest way to determine cause and effect relationship by manipulating a variable (IV) and recording changes in the dependent variable (DV) Control – random selection of subjects and random assignment to experimental and control groups; Single/double blind to control placebo Objective (statistical data) comparisons, i.e. central tendency (means/medians) and variability (standard deviation)	Confounding/extraneous (uncontrolled) variables bias results. Laboratory presents an “artificial” situation that may reduce real-world application or generalizability (external validity). Methodological Errors (internal validity) Experimenter Bias/Expectancy effects Conditional bias (physical) – temperature, time of day Order effects

------------------------------------------------------------------------

AP PSYCH EXAM REVIEW SHEET: Famous Contributors and Experiments

Roger Sperry = The first to propose "split-brain surgery" to help epileptic patients.

Jean Piaget = Proposed four stages of cognitive development. (Remember the acronym Socks Pulled Over Cold Feet to remember these in order.) Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, and Formal Stages.

Erik Erikson = Proposed eight stages of psychosocial development. (KNOW THESE!!)

Lawrence Kohlberg = Proposed three stages of MORAL development. (all framed around the word conventional.) This theory was criticized as it only tested young children by framing hypothetical situations for them and their responses to these. It did not test cross-culturally and between the genders.

Konrad Lorentz = Imprinting studies. Showed how baby animals would follow the first object they saw after birth. Believed to be a built-in survival mechanism.

Jerome Kagan = Studies to indicate that in-born temperament may explain many behaviors.

Harry Harlow = Showed importance of physical touch over nourishment in infant monkeys.

Mary Ainsworth = Secure infants have good bonds with mothers. Reverse is also true.

Elenor Gibson = The "visual cliff experiment". Showed that depth perception cues are innate.

Hubel and Weisel = Studies with monkeys to show that they had specific FEATURE DECECTORS to aid them in visual processing. (Some for lines, bars, edges, shapes, etc.)

Ernest Hilgard = Studies showing that a hypnotic trance includes a "hidden observer' suggesting that there is some subconscious control during hypnosis.

Ivan Pavlov = Famous for his classical conditioning experiments.

Robert Rescorla = Proposed that there is conscious connection between the CS and the DCS in classical conditioning experiments. (A smoker is aware that a nausea-producing drug will affect his behavior.)

John B. Watson = Famous for the controversial Little Albert classical conditioning experiment.

B.F. Skinner = Famous for me "Skinner Box to demonstrate operant conditioning in low level animals.

Albert Bandura = “Bo-Bo Doll" Experiment to demonstrate how children imitate anti-social behavior.

Wolfgang Kohler = Demonstrated the use of "insight" in apes when they used sticks to reach a banana that was out of reach.

Stanford-Binet = Modern IQ formula. MA divided by CA times 100.

David Wechsler = modern IQ tests with specialized subtests and use of factor analysis.

Abraham Maslow = The humanistic perspective

Elizabeth Loftus - ''Misinformation Effect" shown in memory studies.

Martin Seligman = "Learned Helplessness Experiment" with dogs. Showed the external locus affect in animals (generalized to depression with humans.)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Confusing Pairs

Independent Variable (What is tested) vs. Dependent Variable (What is measured)

(Ex: Recess to test attention span; recess is independent, attention span is dependent)

Random selection (of subjects for a study) vs. Random Assignment (of subjects to experimental or control groups in a study)

Experimental Group (group that is tested) vs. Control Group (compared to the experimental, i.e. receives the placebo in a drug experiment.)

Left Brain (Language and Logic) vs. Right Brain (Creative and Spatial)

Corpus Callosum (divides the brain) vs. Cerebral Cortex (covers the brain)

Sympathetic Nervous System ("flight-or-fight") vs. Parasympathetic (calming)

Neurotransmitters (in the nervous system) vs. Hormones (in the endocrine system)

Lateral Hypothalamus (stimulates hunger) vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus (suppresses hunger)

Broca's Area (makes words) vs. Wernicke’s Area (comprehends words)

Identical Twins (Same fertilized egg) vs. Fraternal Twins (Two separate eggs)

Afferent Neurons (Sensory, body to the brain) vs. Efferent Neurons (Motor, brain to the body)

Assimilation (All four-legged animals are "doggies") vs. Accommodation ("Doggies are different than "Kitties")

Concrete Operations (logical thinking) vs. Formal Operations (Philosophical thinking)

Sensation (Bottom-up Processing) vs. Perception (Top-Down Processing)

Rods (night vision) vs. Cones (color vision)

Classical Conditioning (Involuntary) vs. Operant Conditioning (Voluntary)

Positive Reinforcement (any reward following a desirable behavior that increases the behavior) vs. Negative Reinforcement (removal of an undesireable stimulus as a reward to increase desired behavior)

Primacy Effect (first items remembered) vs. Recency Effect (last items remembered)

Proactive Interference (loss of the new info) vs. Retroactive Interference (loss of the old info)

Implicit Memory (nondeclarative; skills) vs. Explicit Memory (declarative, facts)

Recall Memory (no cues/fill-in) vs. Recognition Memory (Some hints/multiple choice, matching)

Latent content (what your dream means) vs. Manifest content (the actual storyline of the dream)

Fluid Intelligence ("Brain power") vs. Crystallized Intelligence (Acquired knowledge)

Validity (test measure what it should) vs. Reliability (Same scores on a retest)

Achievement test (What you've learned) vs. Aptitude test (what y6u can do)

Intrinsic Motivation (for personal satisfaction) vs. Extrinsic Motivation (for rewards or to avoid punishment)

Internal Locus (controlling the environment) vs. External Locus (the environment controls you.)